NSAIDs: What They Do and How to Use Them Safely

NSAIDs are the go-to drugs for pain, inflammation, and fever. You probably know ibuprofen and naproxen from store shelves. There are stronger prescription options too, like meloxicam or diclofenac. Knowing how they work and when to avoid them keeps you safer and helps pain get managed faster.

How NSAIDs work and common types

NSAID stands for nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug. They block enzymes called COX-1 and COX-2, which lowers prostaglandins — the chemicals that cause pain, swelling, and fever. Common OTC choices are ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin), naproxen (Aleve), and low-dose aspirin. Prescription NSAIDs include meloxicam, diclofenac, and celecoxib (a COX-2 selective option). Each has similar benefits, but side effects and heart or stomach risks can differ.

Pick an NSAID based on how strong the pain is, how long you need relief, and your health history. For short-term muscle or dental pain, an OTC dose often works. For chronic conditions like arthritis, doctors may prescribe a different option and monitor you regularly.

Risks, interactions, and who should be careful

NSAIDs can upset the stomach, cause ulcers, raise blood pressure, harm kidneys, and — with long-term use — increase heart attack or stroke risk. The chance of problems goes up if you take high doses, use them for months, are older, or have existing heart or kidney disease.

They also interact with many medicines. Be cautious if you take blood thinners (warfarin), ACE inhibitors or ARBs for blood pressure, diuretics, SSRIs, lithium, or methotrexate. Combining NSAIDs with alcohol raises the bleeding risk. Always tell your doctor or pharmacist what you already take.

Certain people should avoid or limit NSAIDs: pregnant women (especially in the third trimester), people with active stomach ulcers, severe kidney disease, or recent heart problems. Children need age-appropriate doses — never give adult pills to a child without checking the label or asking a clinician.

Quick safety checklist

Use the lowest effective dose for the shortest time possible.

Take NSAIDs with food or a glass of milk to reduce stomach upset.

Check labels of cold or flu products — many include NSAIDs and can cause accidental overdose.

Stop and get medical help if you notice black stools, severe stomach pain, swelling, sudden shortness of breath, chest pain, or decreased urination.

If pain lasts more than 10 days or fever more than 3 days, see a doctor. For long-term pain, ask your provider about alternatives or protective measures like stomach-protecting medicines and regular kidney and blood pressure checks.

NSAIDs are useful and effective when used right. A little care — checking doses, watching for interactions, and avoiding long stretches of use without supervision — keeps them working for you without unwelcome side effects.